@article {50873, title = {First Record Of The Genus Orfelia From China, With Descriptions Of Three New Species (Diptera: Keroplatidae)}, journal = {Entomological News}, volume = {119}, year = {2008}, pages = {271{\textendash}277}, abstract = {

Three new species of the genus Orfelia Costa are described from China: O. baishanzuensis Cao et Xu, n. sp.; O. helvola Cao et Xu, n. sp.; O. maculata Cao et Xu, n. sp. These new species belong to the O. nemoralis Meigen group. A key to Chinese species of Orfelia is given to aid in their identification.

}, issn = {0013-{872X}}, doi = {10.3157/0013-872X(2008)119[271:FROTGO]2.0.CO;2}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3157/0013-872X\%282008\%29119\%5B271\%3AFROTGO\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2}, author = {Cao, Jian and Xu, Huachao and Zhou, Zuji and Wu, Hong and Gu, Yunjie} } @article {45212, title = {Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): A checklist and bibliography}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1831}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-530}, abstract = {This work is a first attempt to integrate into one list and quantify all the known species of Hispaniolan arthropods. It includes all the terrestrial and surrounding marine arthropod species (plus those of Tardigrada and Onychophora) known to me to be reported for the island of Hispaniola until the end of 2007, as well as 158 species that are reported here as new records for the Dominican Republic and the island. A total of 8,237 valid species (6,833 extant and 1,404 fossils) are listed, of which the largest component are the insects (5,676 extant and 824 fossil species). Preliminarily, 2,521 arthropod species (36.9\%) are considered to be endemic or unique to Hispaniola. Also 84 species are recognized as introduced. The bibliography complements the taxonomic information and includes over 4,000 titles. Brief annotations are also given on the history of entomology in Hispaniola.}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Bibliography, checklist, Dominican Republic, endemics, Greater Antilles, Haiti, Hispaniola, introduced species, species, West Indies}, author = {Perez-Gelabert, Daniel E.} } @article {zhang_three_2008, title = {Three new species of mesosciophilid gnats from the Middle-Late Jurassic of China (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera: Mesosciophilidae)}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 19260334}, pages = {2567{\textendash}2572}, abstract = {Three extinct new species from the Callovian or Oxfordian (uppermost Middle Jurassic or lowermost Upper Jurassic) Daohugou beds in Inner Mongolia, China is described as Mesosciophila abstracta sp. n., Mesosciophilodes synchrona sp. n. and Paramesosciophilodes eximia sp. n. (Family Mesosciophilidae). All the records of mesosciophilid gnats are briefly reviewed.}, keywords = {Animal Structures, Animals, China, Diptera, Female, Fossils, male, Paleontology, Time Factors, Wing}, issn = {1028-8880}, author = {Zhang, J. F.} } @article {sasakawa_fungus_2008, title = {Fungus Gnats (Insecta, Diptera, Mycetophilidae) of the Imperial Palace, Tokyo}, journal = {Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology}, volume = {34}, year = {2008}, pages = {21{\textendash}39}, abstract = {Twenty-one species of the mycetophilid gnats are recorded from the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, of which 11 species : Epicypta flavoterminalis n. sp., Mycetophila fruticosa n. sp., M. imperialis n. sp. and M. trifurcata n. sp., Anatella intricata n. sp., Brevicornu (B.) digitata n. sp., Cordyla triloba n. sp., Exechia latiseta n. sp., E. quadriloba n. sp. and E. ypsilon n. sp., and Pseudobrachypeza spinimentula n. sp. are described, and five species are recorded as new to Japan.}, keywords = {Diptera, Imperial Palace Tokyo, Mycetophilidae, new record, new species}, issn = {18819052}, author = {Sasakawa, Mitsuhiro} } @article {43884, title = {The Ohakunea group in Tasmania, with description of Colonomyia tasmanica sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaroidea)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Entomologie}, volume = {58}, year = {2008}, pages = {441-453}, abstract = {

Die Ohakunea-Gattungsgruppe, die keiner Familie innerhalb der Sciaroidea zugeordnet ist, hat drei Arten in Tasmanien: Ohakunea australiensis Colless, die erstmals von dort gemeldet wird, Colonomyia albicaulis Colless und Colonomyia tasmanica sp. n. Die neue Art, die offenbar in Tasmanien endemisch ist, ist n\ächstverwandt mit Colonomyia rakelae Hippa \& Jaschhof von Neuguinea. Hier dargelegte neue Argumente unterst\ützen die Hypothese, dass die australasiatischen Colonomyia-Arten eine Abstammungsgemeinschaft (= Colonomyia sensu stricto) bilden, die von den kongenerischen Arten in der neotropischen Region gut unterschieden ist. Die komplexe Struktur des m\ännlichen und weiblichen Genitalapparates von Colonomyia s. str. spp. wird dargestellt und dahingehend diskutiert, dass hier m\öglicherweise ein Beispiel f\ür den Schl\üssel-Schloss-Mechanismus vorliegt.

}, keywords = {Colonomyia, Diptera, new species, Ohakunea group, Sciaroidea, Tasmania}, author = {Jaschhof, Mathias and Jaschhof, Catrin} } @article {43876, title = {Pollination of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae), a monoecious basal angiosperm, by female, pollen-eating Megommata sp (Cecidomyiidae : Diptera) in China}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {93}, year = {2008}, pages = {523-536}, abstract = {The plants of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) are monoecious and possess either red or yellow male flowers (the androecium), with yellow tepals, and yellow female flowers. All flower types simultaneously produce heat and floral odours (dominated by methyl butyrate) throughout a 4-5-h nocturnal period. The flowers are pollinated only by female, pollen-eating Megommata sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Pollen is the only reward, and female flowers use the same attractants as male flowers but offer no food (pollination by deceit). Open pollinated flowers in nature varied in fruit set from 8 to 92\%. Megommata (subfamily Cecidomyiinae, supertribe Cecidomyiidi), consists of six described species, which feed on Coccoidea (scale insects) and are distributed worldwide}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Yuan_et_al_2008_cecid_pollination.pdf}, author = {Yuan, Liang-Chen and Luo, Yi-Bo and Thien, Leonard B. and Fan, Jian-Hua and Xu, Huan-Li and Yukawa, Junichi and Chen, Zhi-Duan} } @article {43872, title = {Additions to the Norwegian fauna of fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {2008}, pages = {31-41}, abstract = {Fifty three species are reported new to Norway, and their distribution and biology are commented on. Among the new Norwegian species, Anatella alpina Plassmann, 1977 and Trichonta tristis (Strobl, 1898) are also new to the Nordic region. The total number of species of Mycetophilidae in Norway is thus increased to 575. The majority of the species added forms an extension of the boreal taiga fauna into Norway, including nine more or less mountainous species, while only three species display a southern nemoral to boreonemoral distribution.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Soli_\&_Kjerandsen_2008_additional_Fungus_gnats_Norway.pdf}, author = {Geir S{\o}li and Kj{\ae}randsen, Jostein} } @article {43869, title = {A list of the dipterous specimens (Insecta) deposited in the Osaka Museum of Natural History.}, journal = {Shizenshi-Kenkyu Occasional Papers from the Osaka Museum of Natural History}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {127-136}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Sasakawa_2008_Diptera_in_Osaka_Museum_Nat_Hist.pdf}, author = {Sasakawa, Mitsuhiro} } @article {43866, title = {On the family Bolitophilidae (Diptera, Mycetophiliformia) in Norway}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {2008}, note = {Bolitophilidae is a little studied family of nematocerous Diptera. In all 21 species have been recorded from Norway and are listed here, one for the first time. This is the first check-list of Bolitophilidae from Norway.}, month = {28/11/2008}, pages = {169-173}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Rindal_et_al_2008_Bolitophilidae_Norway.pdf}, author = {Rindal, Eirik and Geir S{\o}li and {\O}ivind Gammelmo} } @article {43861, title = {Circadian regulation of bioluminescence in the prey-luring glowworm, Arachnocampa flava}, journal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms}, volume = {23}, year = {2008}, pages = {319-329}, abstract = {The glowworms of New Zealand and Australia are bioluminescent fly larvae that generate light to attract prey into their webs. Some species inhabit the constant darkness of caves as well as the dim, natural photophase of rainforests. Given the diversity of light regimens experienced by glowworms in their natural environment, true circadian rhythmicity of light output could be present. Consequently the light emission characteristics of the Australian subtropical species Arachnocampa flava, both in their natural rainforest habitat and in artificial conditions in the laboratory, were established. Larvae were taken from rainforest and kept alive in individual containers. When placed in constant darkness (DD) in the laboratory they maintained free-running, cyclical light output for at least 28 days, indicating that light output is regulated by an endogenous rhythm. The characteristics of the light emission changed in DD: individuals showed an increase in the time spent glowing per day and a reduction in the maximum light output. Most individuals show a free-running period greater than 24 h. Manipulation of the photophase and exposure to skeleton photoperiods showed that light acts as both a masking and an entraining agent and suggests that the underlying circadian rhythm is sinusoidal in the absence of light-based masking. Manipulation of thermoperiod in DD showed that temperature cycles are an alternative entraining agent. Exposure to a period of daily feeding in DD failed to entrain the rhythm in the laboratory. The endogenous regulation of luminescence poses questions about periodicity and synchronization of bioluminescence in cave glowworms.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Merrit_\&_Aotani_2008_circadian_Bioluminescence.pdf}, author = {Merritt, David and Aotani, Sakiko} } @article {43842, title = {Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2008}, pages = {668-687}, abstract = {Relationships among families of the lower Diptera (formerly suborder {\textquoteleft}Nematocera{\textquoteright}) have been exceptionally difficult to resolve. Multiple hypotheses based on morphology have been proposed to identify the earliest lineages of flies and place the phylogenetic origin of the higher flies (Brachycera), but convincing support is limited. Here we resolve relationships among the major groups of lower Diptera using sequence data from four nuclear markers, including both ribosomal (28S rDNA) and protein-coding (CAD, TPI and PGD) genes. Our results support both novel and traditional arrangements.Most unexpectedly, the small, highly-specialized family Deuterophlebiidae appears to be sister to all remaining Diptera. Other results include the resolution of the traditional infra-orders Culicomorpha (including a novel superfamily Simulioidea {\textonequarter} Thaumaleidae {\th} Simuliidae), Tipulomorpha (Tipulidae sensu lato {\th} Trichoceridae) and Bibionomorpha sensu lato. We find support for a limited Psychodomorpha (Blephariceridae, Tanyderidae and Psychodidae) and Ptychopteromorpha (Ptychopteridae), whereas the placement of several enigmatic families (Nymphomyiidae, Axymyiidae and Perissommatidae) remains ambiguous. According to genetic data, the infra-order Bibionomorpha is sister to the Brachycera. Much of the phylogenetic signal for major lineages was found in the 28S rDNA gene, whereas protein-coding genes performed variably at different levels. In addition to elucidating relationships, we also estimate the age of major lower dipteran clades, based on molecular divergence time estimates using relaxed-clock Bayesian methods and fossil calibration points.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Bertone_et_al_Nematocera_2008.pdf}, author = {Matthew A. Bertone and Gregory W. Courtney and Brian M. Wiegmann} } @article {43831, title = {Plants, gall midges, and fungi: a three-component system}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {128}, year = {2008}, pages = {208-216}, abstract = {Larvae of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induce the activation of plant cells, partial cell lysis, and differentiation of nutritive tissue. Specialized nutritive tissue is essential for larval development and plays a key role in gall organization. Midges of the tribes Lasiopterini and Asphondyliini, however, do not induce nutritive tissues as part of the formation of their galls. Instead, these {\textquoteright}ambrosia galls{\textquoteright} contain fungal mycelia that line the interior surface of the chambers. The fungi not only provide Lasiopterini with nutrition, they also penetrate the stems, induce the lysis of the middle lamella of host cells, and open a channel to the vascular bundles. Larvae of Lasioptera arundinis (Schiner) (Lasiopterini) follow the fungus and feed on its mycelium along with adjoining stem cells of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. (Poaceae). Eggs together with fungal conidia are deposited by the imago on the host. Asphondyliini use a needle-like ovipositor to introduce fungal conidia and eggs into the organs they attack. Larvae of Schizomyia galiorum Kieffer (Asphondyliini) are unable to initiate the gall or to develop in the flowers of Galium mollugo L. (Rubiaceae) without their fungal associate. In this article, I provide an overview of oviposition behaviour in the Asphondyliini, as well as descriptions of the ovipositor and the female post-abdominal segments. Gall formation by Lasiopterini and Asphondyliini and the role of associated fungi are discussed, as is the role of the fungus as an inquiline or an organizer of gall tissues and a nutritive device.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00726.x }, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Rohfisch_2008_EEApp.pdf}, author = {Rohfritsch, Odette} } @article {43829, title = {The problems of subsequent typification in genus-group names and use of the Zoological Record: a study of selected post-1930 Diptera genus-group names without type species designations}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1912}, year = {2008}, month = {22 October 2008}, pages = {1-44}, abstract = {We list 117 genus-group names of Diptera that were proposed after 1930 with diagnoses and more than one included species but without type species designations and review their current status. Research into the earliest proposals making the names available resulted in one new synonymy: Breviculala Ito, 1949 = Pseudacidia Munro, 1935, n. syn. (Tephritidae), the discovery of a number of earlier designations, and the recognition of available genus-group names previously thought to be nomina nuda. Discussion is made concerning type designations in the Zoological Record and type fixations by monotypy for genus-group names proposed after 1930 without a type species designation.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Evenhuis_etal_zt01912p044.pdf}, author = {Evenhuis, Neal L. and Pape, Thomas and Pont, Adrian C.} } @article {43784, title = {Primera cita de Neoempheria proxima (Winnertz) para Catalu{\~n}a (Espa{\~n}a) (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Sociedad Entomol{\'o}gica Aragonesa}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, pages = {494}, abstract = {The genus Neoempheria Osten-Sacken, with the species Neoempheria proxima (Winnertz), are recorded from Catalonia for the first time and from Spain for the second time.}, keywords = {Catalonia, Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Neoempheria proxima, Spain}, author = {Carles-Tolra, Miguel} } @article {43674, title = {Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Australian glow-worms Arachnocampa (Diptera, Keroplatidae)}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {48}, year = {2008}, pages = {506-514}, abstract = {Glow-worms are bioluminescent fly larvae (Order Diptera, genus Arachnocampa) found only in Australia and New Zealand. Their core habitat is rainforest gullies and wet caves. Eight species are present in Australia; five of them have been recently described. The geographic distribution of species in Australia encompasses the montane regions of the eastern Australian coastline from the Wet Tropics region of northern Queensland to the cool temperate and montane rainforests of southern Australia and Tasmania. Phylogenetic trees based upon partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase 11 and 16S mtDNA show that populations tend to be clustered into allopatric geographic groups showing overall concordance with the known species distributions. The deepest division is between the cool-adapted southern subgenus, Lucifera, and the more widespread subgenus, Campara. Lucifera comprises the sister groups, A. tasmaniensis, from Tasmania and the newly described species, A. buffaloensis, found in a high-altitude cave at Mt Buffalo in the Australian Alps in Victoria. The remaining Australian glow-worms in subgenus Campara are distributed in a swathe of geographic clusters that extend from the Wet Tropics in northern Queensland to the temperate forests of southern Victoria. Samples from caves and rainforests within any one geographic location tended to cluster together within a clade. We suggest that the morphological differences between hypogean (cave) and epigean (surface) glow-worm larvae are facultative adaptations to local microclimatic conditions rather than due to the presence of cryptic species in caves. Crown copyright [copyright] 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Baker\&al_2008_MolPhylogEvol_Arachnocampa.pdf}, author = {Baker, Claire H. and Graham, Glenn C. and Scott, Kirsten D. and Cameron, Stephen L. and Yeates, David K. and Merritt, David J.} } @article {43673, title = {Fungus gnats (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae \& Mycetophilidae) from Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve in Sweden}, journal = {Sahlbergia }, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {Faunistic data on fungus gnats from the boreonemoral, old-growth, pine-dominated forests of Tyresta National Park and the surrounding Nature Reserve are presented. The material was collected with Malaise traps, window traps and coloured pan traps at 15 sites in the years 1997-2003. The Tyresta forest suffered from a 450 ha area wild-fire in 1999, and about half (55\%) of the samples originates from newly, partly heavily burnt wild-fire sites. Altogether 248 species are recorded, including 22 species new to Sweden, viz. Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz, 1937, Orfelia unicolor (Staeger, 1840), Phthinia winnertzi Mik, 1869, Sciophila krysheni Polevoi, 2001, Sciophila modesta Zaitzev, 1982, Sciophila persubtilis Polevoi, 2001, Sciophila setosa Garrett, 1925, Boletina edwardsi Chandler, 1992, Gnoriste harcyniae von Roder, 1887, Allodia (Allodia) anglofennica Edwards, 1921, Allodia (Brachycampta) foliifera (Strobl, 1910), Anatella ankeli Plassmann, 1977, Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) perspicua (Johannsen, 1912), Synplasta pseudingeniosa Zaitzev, 1993, Mycetophila dziedzickii Chandler, 1977, Mycetophila gentilicia Zaitzev, 1999, Mycetophila lubomirskii Dziedzicki, 1884, Phronia distincta Hackman, 1970, Sceptonia regni Chandler, 1991, Sceptonia thaya Sevcik, 2004, Trichonta clavigera Lundstrom, 1913, and Trichonta subterminalis Zaitzev \& Menzel, 1996. Five species (1 Diadocidia, 1 Docosia, 2 Cordyla and 1 Dynatosoma) are regarded as new to science and will be described elsewhere. The species richness and composition fits well the general picture of increasing species diversity towards north when compared with other surveys in the Nordic region. The material shows no significant difference between fire-sites and intact forest with respect to number of specimens caught, but the species composition is quite different. As expected, the highest number of species (185) was found at the undisturbed sites, and 43 species are significantly found to be avoiding the fire sites. Still, attraction of many fungus gnats to wild-fire sites is strongly indicated by a high number of species (151) captured there, of which 37 species are significantly over-represented at such sites. For 201 species (81\%) the known larval habitat is given, showing that fungus gnats from Tyresta are dependant upon a rich biota of both epigeal and wood-growing fungi, and on decaying wood, particularly of deciduous trees.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Jakovlev_al_2008_fungus_gnats_from_tyresta.pdf}, author = {Jakovlev, Jevgeni and Kj{\ae}randsen, Jostein and Viklund, Bert} } @article {43671, title = {Two new record species of the genus Boletina Staeger (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from China}, journal = {Entomotaxonomia }, volume = {30}, year = {2008}, note = {Boletina conjuncta China Shaanxi New record Sichuan Boletina dispeca China Ningxia Hui New record Shanxi }, pages = {110-112}, abstract = {Boletina dispeca and B. conjuncta are reported for the first time from China. The specimens are deposited in the Entomological Collection of Zhejiang Forestry College, China.}, author = {Niu, Xiao-ling and Yu, Xiao-Xia and Wu, Hong} } @article {43670, title = {Three new species of Rondaniella Johannsen (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from China}, journal = {Entomotaxonomia }, volume = {30}, year = {2008}, note = {Mycetophilidae Rondaniella gutianshanana Yu \& Wu 2008 Sp nov Zhejiang, P. 45 Mycetophilidae Rondaniella simplex Yu \& Wu 2008 Sp nov Zhejiang, P. 46 Mycetophilidae Rondaniella unguiculata Yu \& Wu 2008 Sp nov Zhejiang, P. 46}, month = {March 25 2008}, pages = {45-49}, abstract = {In this paper three new species of the genus Rondaniella Joharmsen, 1909 from China are described and detailed illustrations of male terminalia presented. The type specimens are deposited in Insect Collection of Zhejiang Forestry College, China.}, author = {Yu, Xiao-Xia and Wu, Hong and Chen, Xue-xin} } @article {43666, title = {Fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and Keroplatidae) reared from grass and sedge tussocks in the Czech Republic}, journal = {{\v C}asopis Slezskeho Zemskeho Muzea Serie A Vedy Prirodni}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, pages = {175-178}, abstract = {Five species of Mycetophilidae and two species of Keroplatidae have been reared from tussocks of 5 species of grasses and sedges (Glyceria maxima, Calamagrostis epigejos, Carex brizoides, Carex remota and Scirpus sylvaticus). Two species of Mycetophilidae (Leia arsona Hutson, 1978 and Mycomya britteni Kidd, 1955) are recorded as new for the Czech Republic.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Sevcik-Rohacek2008.pdf}, author = {Jan {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'\i}k and Roh{\'a}{\v c}ek, Jind{\v r}ich} } @article {43665, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Trauerm{\"u}ckenfauna Taiwans. Teil V: Gattungen Dichopygina, Camptochaeta, Corynoptera und Keilbachia (Diptera Nematocera: Sciaridae)}, journal = {Entomofauna}, volume = {29}, year = {2008}, pages = {321-360}, abstract = {This is the fifth part in a series of taxonomic and faunistic studies on the Sciaridae of Taiwan and contains the descriptions of 36 new species. 8 species could be identified as known, but they are recorded for the first time for the Taiwanian fauna. The species belong to the following genera: Dichopygina (1), Camptochaeta (3), Corynoptera (33) and Keilbachia (7). Within the large genus Corynoptera most of the new described species belong to the subtilis-group (11), parvula-group (10) and the dumosa-group (5). The important morphological characters are illustrated and a discussion of the systematic position is given for each species.}, keywords = {Taiwan}, author = {Rudzinski, Hans-Georg} } @inbook {28802, title = {4.3.23 Sciaroidea excl. Sciaridae}, booktitle = {Diptera Stelviana - A dipterological perspective on a changing alpine landscape - Results from a survey of the biodiversity of Diptera (Insecta) in the Stilfserjoch National Park (Italy) - Volume 1}, series = {Studia dipterologica Supplement}, number = {16}, year = {2008}, pages = {245-293}, publisher = {AMPYX-Verlag}, organization = {AMPYX-Verlag}, address = {Halle(Saale)}, abstract = {

Fungus gnats in the alpine landscape of Stilfserjoch National Park in northern Italy were studied on the basis of the material collected by five Malaise traps throughout the season of 2005 and a few Yellow-tray traps in 2003 and 2004. Collecting localities were selected gradually along the altitude types, viz. submontane (940 m), montane (1,220 m), oreal (high montane \– 1,630 m), subalpine (2,030 m), and alpine (2,315 m). The trapping yielded 7,225 specimens from which 290 species were recorded including 117 species new to Italy and 281 species new to South Tyrol. Four genera \– Drepanocercus VOCKEROTH, Novakia STROBL, Rondaniella JOHANNSEN, Pseudobrachypeza TUOMIKOSKI \– were recorded as new to Italy. Sciophila quadratula LOEW was recorded from the Palaearctic region for the first time. Five new species \– Docosia pseudogilvipes spec. nov., Leia stelviana spec. nov., Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) vasculiforma spec. nov., Mycetophila ziegleri spec. nov., Phronia montana spec. nov. \– are described, discussed and provided with detailed figures of male terminalia and colour photographs of habitus. The fauna of fungus gnats in the oreal and montane zones is found to be most speciose and abundant.

}, issn = {1433-4968}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Kurina_2008_Stelviana_Sciaroidea.pdf}, author = {Kurina, Olavi}, editor = {Ziegler, Joachim} } @article {28800, title = {Acomopterella martinovskyi sp. n., the first Palaearctic record of the genus Acomopterella Zaitzev (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1968}, year = {2008}, pages = {58-64}, abstract = {A new species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera), Acomopterella martinovskyi sp. n., is described from the Czech Republic and Austria. This is the first record of the genus from the Palaearctic region. Its relationships with other genera and variation in wing characters are briefly discussed. A new combination and synonymy is proposed: Acomopterella fallax (Sherman, 1921) comb.n. = Acomopterella arnaudi Zaitzev, 1989 syn.n.}, keywords = {Austria, Czech Republic, Europe, fungus gnats, new species, Sciaroidea}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Sevcik\&Chandler2008.pdf}, author = {Jan {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'\i}k and Chandler, Peter J.} } @article {28799, title = {Trophic relationships and main trends in morphological adaptations of larval mouthparts in sciaroid dipterans (Diptera, Sciaroidea)}, journal = {Biology Bulletin}, volume = {35}, year = {2008}, pages = {606-614}, abstract = {

The morphological structure of mouthparts and trophic relationships have been studied in the larvae of sciaroid dipterans developing in decaying wood and fruiting bodies (carpophores and basidiomes) of various fungi. Six structural types of mandibles are distinguished, and their specific features are analyzed in relation to the larval mode of life and type of feeding. It is shown that predation is not common in this group. The majority of epibiontic larvae have mandibles that operate like a scraper, collecting various small particles from the substrate surface, which accounts for a mixed type of feeding in these larvae.

}, keywords = {Larvae}, author = {Krivosheina, N. P. and Zaitzev, Alexander I.} } @article {28798, title = {Die Pilzm{\"u}ckenfauna der unterirdischen Hohlr{\"a}ume im hessischen Teil des Biosph{\"a}renreservats Rh{\"o}n - (Diptera Sciaroidea: Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Naturkunde in Osthessen}, volume = {45}, year = {2008}, note = {in German}, pages = {3-7}, abstract = {Im hessischen Teil des Biosph{\"a}renreservats Rh{\"o}n werden seit 2002 im Rahmen eines Monitorings der Fledermausbest{\"a}nde Untersuchungen zur Pilzm{\"u}ckenfauna in 14 unterirdischen Hohlr{\"a}umen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Das gefundene Artenspektrum im Winterhalbjahr wird durch Untersuchungen im Sommerhalbjahr erg{\"a}nzt, sodass zwischenzeitlich 76 Pilzm{\"u}ckenarten nachgewiesen werden konnten. 24 Arten sind Erstnachweise f{\"u}r das Bundesland Hessen.}, keywords = {Cave}, author = {Zaenker, Stefan and Plassmann, Eberhard} } @article {28797, title = {First Neotropical species of genus Azana (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1937}, year = {2008}, month = {19 Nov. 2008 }, pages = {67-68}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Amorim\&al2008_Zootaxa_1937.pdf}, author = {Amorim, Dalton de Sousa and Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira and Balbi, Maria Isabel P. A.} } @article {28796, title = {Eleven new species of the genus Cluzobra Edwards (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil Sciophilinae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1920}, year = {2008}, month = {31 Oct. 2008 }, pages = {1-28}, abstract = {Eleven new species of the sciophiline genus Cluzobra Edwards are described and illustrated {\textendash} Cluzobra triocellata, sp.n., Cluzobra accola, sp.n., Cluzobra claripennis, sp.n., Cluzobra papaveroi, sp.n., Cluzobra coptolithus, sp.n., Cluzobra vockerothi, sp.n., Cluzobra sapiranga, sp.n., Cluzobra fluminense, sp.n., Cluzobra fritzmuelleri, sp.n., Cluzobra spinata, sp.n., Cluzobra elpidia, sp.n. Additional specimens of C. fuscipennis Edwards, C. plaumanni Edwards, and C. binocellaris (Edwards) have been identified, extending the distribution range of these species. The species were identified and described based on 173 specimens at different latitudes along the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil and northern Argentina. The position of the new species in the groups of species proposed for the genus in the literature is considered. Three areas of endemism are identified for the group, one from southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay northwards to areas at higher altitudes in the States of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, one from southern Bahia to the extreme north of the Atlantic Forest, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, and one in west State of S{\~a}o Paulo, extending west and northwards into the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Goi{\'a}s. This paper raises the number of known Cluzobra to 41 species.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Amorim\&al2008_Zootaxa_1920.pdf}, author = {Amorim, Dalton de Sousa and Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira} } @article {28795, title = {Macromycete Fruit Bodies as a Habitat for Dipterans (Insecta, Diptera)}, journal = {Entomological Review}, volume = {88}, year = {2008}, pages = {778{\textendash}792}, abstract = {The complex of Diptera (except for Sciaroidea) breeding in the fruit bodies of fungi is analyzed. The larvae of some species, such as Cecidomyiidae, Platypezidae, Heleomyzidae (Suilliinae), Anthomyiidae (Pegomya), Sphaeroceridae, and possibly Phoridae and Syrphidae feed on fresh fungal tissues. The ecological groups of flies are distinguished with respect to the type of feeding and the way of using fungal fruit bodies as habitat. The larvae of most groups developing inside the fruit bodies are saprobionts, typically occurring in decaying organic substrates of various origins.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Krivosheina_EntomRev_2008_7.pdf}, author = {Krivosheina, N. P.} } @article {28786, title = {Cluzobra matilei sp. n. from French Guyana, with notes on congeners (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1874}, year = {2008}, pages = {63{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Five Cluzobra Edwards species were recorded from the Kaw Mountains in French Guyana. Cluzobra matilei sp. n. is described, with colour photographs and line drawings. The new species is compared with the closely related species C. variegata and C. vicina.}, keywords = {Cluzobra, Diptera, French Guyana, Mycetophilidae, Neotropical region, new species}, url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01874p068.pdf}, author = {Kurina, Olavi} } @article {26904, title = {The first keroplatid (Diptera: Keroplatidae) species from the Lower Eocene amber of Vastan, Gujarat, India}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1816}, year = {2008}, pages = {57-60}, url = {http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01816p060.pdf}, author = {Solorzano Kraemer, Monica M. and Evenhuis, Neal L.} } @article {26900, title = {Erg{\"a}nzende Meldungen zum Pilzm{\"u}ckenvorkommen im Nationalpark Hainich / Th{\"u}ringen (Diptera Sciaroidea: Ditomyiidae, Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Entomofauna}, volume = {29}, year = {2008}, pages = {181-184}, abstract = {

In the national park Hainich in Thuringia/Germany 70 further species of fungus gnats were found. Four of them are new to the German list (Syntemna relicta LUNDSTROEM, 1912; Sciophila krysheni POLEVOI, 2001; Sciophila yakutica BLAGODEROV, 1992; Trichonta pulchra GAGN\É, 1981). In all there are 264 species of fungus gnats known in the Hainich area.

}, author = {Plassmann, Eberhard} } @article {23401, title = {On the family Keroplatidae (Diptera, Mycetophiliformia) in Norway}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {2008}, month = {14 may 2008}, pages = {81-85}, publisher = {Norwegian Entomological Society}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {Our knowledge about the Norwegian fauna of Keroplatidae has improved considerably during the last 15 years. With the present addition of 9 species, 38 species belonging to the family Keroplatidae have been recorded from Norway. A complete check list is presented together with detailed information for the nine new species.}, keywords = {check list, Diptera, Keroplatidae, Mycetophiliformia, Norway}, issn = {1501-8415}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Rindal_et_al_2008_Keroplatidae.pdf}, author = {Rindal, Eirik and Gammelmo, {\O}. and S{\o}li, G.} } @article {26837, title = {The family Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Mexico and the description of two new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1808}, year = {2008}, pages = {44-52}, abstract = {The family Lygistorrhinidae is recorded for the first time in Mexico, based on adult morphological descriptions of two new species of the genus Lygistorrhina Skuse: L. (Probolaeus) alexi sp. nov. and L. (P.) borkenti sp. nov. A third species belonging to L. (Lygistorrhina) sp. was found, but it remains undescribed due to scarcity of specimens. The specimens were collected in two natural reserves of the state of Yucatan (R{\'\i}a Lagartos and R{\'\i}a Celest{\'u}n), along the border of the states of Morelos and Mexico (National Park {\textquotedblleft}Lagunas de Zempoala{\textquotedblright}), and in the state of Hidalgo (near the locality of Tlanchinol).}, keywords = {Lygistorrhina, Lygistorrhinidae, Mexico, new species, Probolaeus}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Huerta\&Inanez_Zootaxa1808.pdf}, author = {Huerta, Heron and Ibanez-Bernal, Sergio} } @article {26835, title = {Azana atlantica, n.sp., with reduced mouthparts and two ocelli: first record of Azana for the Neotropical region (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1789}, year = {2008}, pages = {57-65}, abstract = {A new Sciophilinae{\textemdash}Azana atlantica, sp.n.{\textemdash}is described from the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. The species has a number of distinctive apomorphic features, including loss of the mid ocellus, reduced mouthparts, Sc short and incomplete, first section of Rs missing, r-m elongated, longitudinal in position, aligned with the second section of Rs(R5), unforked medial and cubital veins, R4 missing, M4 entirely absent, gonostyle triangular, with an inner row of elongated spines and a basal, digitiform inner projection. Some of these features are shared with other genera of the Azanagroup of Sciophilinae. The shape of the scutum and the strong spines on the gonostyle make it clear that the species belongs in Azana, despite the features that are distinctive from the remaining species in the genus. There are ten species described in Azana to date, from United States, Europe, Sri Lanka, Canary Islands, tropical Africa and Baltic amber. This is the first Neotropical species belonging to the genus. The complete loss of M4 and the separated gonocoxites suggest that Azana atlantica, sp.n. forms a monophyletic group with the Afrotropical species of the genus. Azana, Morganiella, Neoaphelomera, Neotrizygia, and Trizygia are shown to compose a small clade within the Azana-group of genera. The division of the genus into two subgenera{\textemdash}A. (Azana) and A. (Jugazana){\textemdash}most probably renders A. (Azana) paraphyletic and it is suggested that this should be for the time being abandoned.}, keywords = {Atlantic forest, Azana, biodiversity, Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Neotropical region, Sciophilinae, Taxonomy}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Amorim\%26al2008_Zootaxa_1789.pdf}, author = {Amorim, Dalton de Sousa and Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira and Balbi, Maria Isabel P. A.} } @article {26827, title = {Evidence of a female sex pheromone in Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)}, journal = {Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {140}, year = {2008}, pages = {324-326}, abstract = {The existence of a sex pheromone of Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang was investigated prior to the possible development of a semiochemical-based monitoring system or tools for controlling this pest. In laboratory bioassays, live virgin females stimulated 91\% of males to attempt to mate. Methylene dichloride washes of whole bodies and excised ovipositors of females attracted males in olfactometer assays. These results indicate the presence of a female sex pheromone in B. odoriphaga, with the ovipositor as its possible source.}, author = {Li, H.-J. and He, X.-K. and Zeng, A.-J. and Liu, Y.-J. and Jiang, S.-R.} } @article {26816, title = {The genus Sceptonia (Diptera : Mycetophilidae) in eastern China and description of a new species}, journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {340-344}, abstract = {

The genus Sceptonia Winnertz, 1863 (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from China is revised. Four species are recognized, including Sceptonia laxa, n. sp., which is described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of this genus is provided.

}, issn = {0013-8797}, author = {Wu, H. and Wang, Y. P. and Xu, H. C.} } @article {26818, title = {Four new species of Saigusaia Vockeroth, 1980 (Diptera : Mycetophilidae) from China}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1741}, number = {1741}, year = {2008}, pages = {24-30}, abstract = {Four new species of Saigusaia Vockeroth 1980 - S. spinibarbis sp. nov., S. praegnans sp. nov., S. monacanthus sp. nov., S. aberrans sp. nov. - are described from southeast China{\textquoteright}s of Zhejiang Province. Another species, S. taiwan is newly recorded from southwest China{\textquoteright}s Sichuan Province. A key to Chinese species of Saigusaia is provided.}, issn = {1175-5326}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/NiuWuYu2008_Zootaxa1741.pdf}, author = {Niu, X. L. and Wu, H. and Yu, X. X.} } @article {26817, title = {The genus Zygomyia Winnertz (Diptera : Mycetophilidae) in eastern China with descriptions of two new species}, journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {451-455}, abstract = {

Four species of the genus Zygomyia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from China are recognized, including Z. adpressa, n. sp., and Z. diplocercusa, n. sp., which are described and illustrated. A key to Chinese species is provided.

}, issn = {0013-8797}, author = {Wu, H. and Wang, Y. P. and Yang, J.} } @article {26814, title = {New Species of Lygistorrhina Skuse from Fiji (Diptera: Lygistorrhinidae)}, journal = {Bishop Museum Occasional Papers}, volume = {97}, year = {2008}, pages = {13-20}, abstract = {

A new species of Lygistorrhina, L. fijiensis, n. sp., is described and illustrated. It is similar in appearance to four other species of Lygistorrhina with pictured wings, L. pictipennis Okada (Japan), L. cincticornis Edwards (Borneo), L. chaoi Papp (Taiwan), and L. legrandi Matile (Gabon, Cameroon). It marks the first record of the family Lygistorrhinidae from Fiji.

}, url = {http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fiji/fiji-arthropods/pdf/FA-X-02r.pdf}, author = {Evenhuis, Neal L.} } @article {26813, title = {Notes on Afrotropical Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), with the description of seven new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1741}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-23}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Hippa_Zootaxa1741.pdf}, author = {Hippa, Heikki} } @article {26779, title = {Two new European species of Docosia (Diptera : Mycetophilidae)}, journal = {Biologia}, volume = {63}, year = {2008}, pages = {117-119}, abstract = {Two new species of Docosia Winnertz, 1863 are described, Docosia chandleri sp. n. from Austria and Italy and Docosia matilei sp. n. from France and Italy. Both species resemble Docosia montana Lastovka et Sevcik, 2006 and they are characterized by bare laterotergites, yellow legs and long flagellomeres.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Sevcik_\&_Lastovka_2007_Docosia_sp_n.pdf}, author = {Jan {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'\i}k and La{\v s}tovka, P.} } @article {26784, title = {Chetoneura shennonggongensis, a new species of cave-dwelling Keroplatini from China (Diptera : Keroplatidae), with a discussion of the position of Chetoneura}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1716}, year = {2008}, pages = {59-68}, abstract = {Chetoneura shennonggongensis Amorim \& Niu, sp. n., inhabiting caves in East China, is described based on the adult male and female, plus larva. Chetoneura Colless, previously associated with Orfelia and known from a single species from caves in Malaysia, is formally transferred to the Keroplatini. This is the first description of the larva and of the general biology of the genus. The larva of this new species is suspended in a roughly horizontal hammock of silken threads amidst mucous coated snare threads from the roof of caves, but is not bioluminescent as some species of other genera in Keroplatidae ( e. g., Arachnocampa, Keroplatus, and Orfelia). A key to separate both species of the genus is provided. The position of the genus within the Keroplatini is considered. Chetoneura is considered to be closely related to a clade containing Heteropterna and Ctenoceridion.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Amorim\&Niu_2008_Zootaxa1716.pdf}, author = {Amorim, Dalton de Sousa and Niu, C. and Li, X. Z. and Lei, C. L. and Clarke, A. K.} } @article {26782, title = {Urytalpa chandleri sp. n. (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from Turkey, with a key to the Western Palaearctic species of the genus}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1676}, year = {2008}, pages = {29-36}, abstract = {Urytalpa chandleri sp. n. from southwest Asiatic Turkey is described and illustrated. Platyura maritima Becker is transferred to Urytalpa based on examination of the type specimen. A key to the Western Palaearctic species of Urytalpa is provided.}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Bechev\&Kos_Zootaxa1676.pdf}, author = {Bechev, Dimitar and Koc, Hasan} } @article {26781, title = {New species and new records of Manota Williston (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the Oriental region}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1723}, number = {1723}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-41}, abstract = {

The following 19 new species are described: Manota aconcinna (Thailand), M. ancylochaeta (Thailand and Malaysia), M. auriculata (Thailand), M. clavulosa (Thailand), M. collina (Thailand), M. confixa (Malaysia), M. crinita (Malaysia), M. cristata (Thailand), M. fimbriata (Malaysia), M. index (Malaysia), M. inflata (Thailand), M. juncta (Malaysia), M. oblonga (Thailand), M. parvistylata (Malaysia), M. pellii (Thailand), M. perlobata (Thailand and Burma), M. planilobata (Thailand), M. subdentata (Malaysia), and M. submirifica (Thailand). New records are given for the following species: M. acutangula Hippa (Thailand), M. cerciflex Hippa (Malaysia), M. curvata Hippa (Malaysia), M. globigera Hippa (Thailand), M. heptacantha Hippa (Malaysia), M. ferrata Hippa (Malaysia), M. oligochaeta Hippa (Thailand), M. ovata Hippa (Thailand), M. pappi Hippa (Malaysia), M. pectinata Hippa (Thailand), M. perpusilla Hippa (Thailand), M. pollex Hippa (Malaysia), M. plusiochaeta Hippa (Malaysia), M. procera Hippa (Sarawak), M. roslii Hippa (Thailand, Malaysia), and M. simplex Hippa (Thailand).

}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Hippa_2008_Zootaxa1723.pdf}, author = {Hippa, Heikki} } @article {26776, title = {Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. (Aristolochiaceae) in the Mediterranean}, journal = {Flora}, volume = {203}, year = {2008}, pages = {175-184}, abstract = {A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. In all, 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida Willd. were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, black fungus gnats (Sciaridae representing 37\%) and scuttle flies (Phoridae representing 19\%), respectively. However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as three morpho-species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constraint for successful pollination: (a) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and (b) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in A. pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient filter as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constraint. Since the flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have had visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of A. pallida by Megaselia species.}, keywords = {Diptera, Phoridae, Plant insect interaction, Sciaridae}, issn = {0367-2530}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.02.006}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Rulik_et_al_ 2008_Pollination_of_Aristolochia.pdf}, author = {Rulik, Bj{\"o}rn and Wanke, Stefan and Nuss, Matthias and Neinhuis, Christoph} } @article {26774, title = {Micromacrocera gen. n., the smallest macrocerine fly (Diptera: Keroplatidae, Macrocerinae)}, journal = {Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, volume = {54}, year = {2008}, pages = {13-21}, abstract = {Micromacrocera gen. n. of the subfamily Macrocerinae (Keroplatidae) is described (type species M. stenobasis sp. n.) from South Africa. An analysis of characters in comparison to those of the other genera of the subfamily is given. With 15 original figures.}, keywords = {Afrotropical region, Keroplatidae, Macrocerinae, Micromacrocera, new genus, Taxonomy}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Papp_2008_Micromacrocera_south_africa.pdf}, author = {Papp, Lazlo} } @article {26773, title = { Parallel floral adaptations to pollination by fungus gnats within the genus Mitella (Saxifragaceae)}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {46}, year = {2008}, pages = {560-575}, abstract = {The widespread pattern of parallel flower evolution as an adaptation for particular pollinator agents, known as "pollination syndromes", has long drawn attention from evolutionary biologists. Here, we report parallel evolution of saucer-shaped flowers and an associated unusual pollination system within the lineage Heucherina, a group of saxifragaceous genera. Field observations reveal that 18 of 28 plant species studied are pollinated almost exclusively by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae). Among the 18 species with a fungus-gnat pollination system, 13 have characteristic saucer-shaped flowers and are pollinated mainly by several unspecialized mycetophilid genera with short mouthparts. We performed phylogenetic analyses using nucleotide sequences of external and internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA and reconstructed ancestral floral morphologies with an establishment of the model of floral character evolution under a maximum-likelihood framework. Our analysis indicates that there is significant directionality in the evolutionary shifts of floral forms in the Heucherina. The inferred phylogeny further supports four origins of saucer-shaped flowers, which is shared among 14 species that are traditionally classified into the genus Mitella. In addition, our analysis indicates the extensive polyphyly of genus Mitella, as also suggested previously. The results suggest that the flower-visiting fungus gnats have caused convergent selection for the saucer-shaped flower repeatedly evolved within Heucherina.}, keywords = {Ancestral state reconstruction, Gnoriste, Heucherina, Mycetophilidae, Myiophily, Pollination specialization, Pollination syndrome, Saxifragaceae}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.020}, url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Okuyama_et_al_2008_parallel_floral_adaptions_mitella.pdf}, author = {Okuyama, Y. and Pellmyr, O. and Kato, M .} }