@article {gaskett_orchid_2011,
	title = {Orchid pollination by sexual deception: pollinator perspectives},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	volume = {86},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {33{\textendash}75},
	abstract = {The extraordinary taxonomic and morphological diversity of orchids is accompanied by a remarkable range of pollinators and pollination systems. Sexually deceptive orchids are adapted to attract specific male insects that are fooled into attempting to mate with orchid flowers and inadvertently acting as pollinators. This review summarises current knowledge, explores new hypotheses in the literature, and introduces some new approaches to understanding sexual deception from the perspective of the duped pollinator. Four main topics are addressed: (1) global patterns in sexual deception, (2) pollinator identities, mating systems and behaviours, (3) pollinator perception of orchid deceptive signals, and (4) the evolutionary implications of pollinator responses to orchid deception, including potential costs imposed on pollinators by orchids. A global list of known and putative sexually deceptive orchids and their pollinators is provided
and methods for incorporating pollinator perspectives into sexual deception research are provided and reviewed.
At present, almost all known sexually deceptive orchid taxa are from Australia or Europe. A few sexually deceptive species and genera are reported for New Zealand and South Africa. In Central and Southern America, Asia, and the Pacific many more species are likely to be identified in the future. Despite the great diversity of sexually deceptive orchid genera in Australia, pollination rates reported in the literature are similar between Australian and European species. The typical pollinator of a sexually deceptive orchid is a male insect of a species that is polygynous, monandrous, haplodiploid, and solitary rather than social. Insect behaviours involved in the pollination of sexually deceptive orchids include pre-copulatory gripping of flowers, brief entrapment, mating, and very rarely, ejaculation. Pollinator behaviour varies within and among pollinator species.
Deception involving orchid mimicry of insect scent signals is becoming well understood for some species, but visual and tactile signals such as colour, shape, and texture remain neglected. Experimental manipulations that test for function, multi-signal interactions, and pollinator perception of these signals are required. Furthermore, other forms of deception such as exploitation of pollinator sensory biases or mating preferences merit more comprehensive investigation. Application of molecular techniques adapted from model plants and animals is likely to deliver new insights into orchid signalling, and pollinator perception and behaviour.
There is little current evidence that sexual deception drives any species-level selection on pollinators. Pollinators do learn to avoid deceptive orchids and their locations, but this is not necessarily a response specific to orchids. Even in systems where evidence suggests that orchids do interfere with pollinator mating opportunities, considerable further research is required to determine whether this is sufficient to impose selection on pollinators or generate antagonistic coevolution or an arms race between orchids and their pollinators.
Botanists, taxonomists and chemical ecologists have made remarkable progress in the study of deceptive orchid pollination. Further complementary investigations from entomology and behavioural ecology perspectives should prove fascinating and engender a more complete understanding of the evolution and maintenance of such enigmatic plant-animal interactions.},
	keywords = {colour and shape, Evolution, floral scent, insects, learning, mating behaviour, mimicry, orchid, pollinator behaviour, sensory biases},
	issn = {14647931},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00134.x},
	author = {A. C. Gaskett}
}
@article {Eberhard2001,
	title = {Genitalic behavior in Hybosciara gigantea (Diptera: Sciaridae) and
	the evolution of species-specific genitalia},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {74},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1-9},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Diptera, Evolution, Hybosciara gigantea, Mating, Sciaridae},
	author = {Eberhard, William G.}
}
@article {Navarro2001,
	title = {Evolucion de las poblaciones de los dipteros Megaselia halterata
	y Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Phoridae y Sciaridae) en el cultivo
	de champinon de Castilla-La Mancha},
	journal = {Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {373-381},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Castilla-La Mancha, Cultivated land habitat, Diptera, Evolution, Lycoriella, Lycoriella auripila, Megaselia halterata, Mushrooms, Phoridae, Population
	dynamics, Sciaridae, Spain},
	author = {Navarro, M. J. and Escudero, A. and Ferragut, F. and Lopez-Lorrio, A. and Gea, F. J.}
}
@article {Panov1994,
	title = {The retrocerebral endocrine complex of adult Bradysia paupera (Diptera,
	Sciaridae)},
	journal = {Zoologicheskii Zhurnal},
	volume = {73},
	number = {7-8},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {248-251},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Bradysia, Bradysia paupera, Diptera, Evolution, Sciaridae},
	author = {Panov, A. A.}
}
@article {Serna2004,
	title = {The gene Sex-lethal of the Sciaridae family (order Diptera, suborder
	Nematocera) and its phylogeny in dipteran insects},
	journal = {Genetics},
	volume = {168},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {907-921},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {This article reports the cloning and characterization of the gene
	homologous to Sex-lethal (Sxl) of Drosophila melanogaster from Sciara
	coprophila, Rhynchosciara americana, and Trichosia pubescens},
	keywords = {Diptera, Evolution, Molecular genetics, Nematocera, phylogeny, Rhynchosciara, Rhynchosciara americana, Sciara, Sciara coprophila, Sciaridae, Trichosia, Trichosia pubescens},
	author = {Serna, Esther and Gorab, Eduardo and Ruiz, M. Fernanda and Goday, Clara and Eirin-Lopez, Jose M. and Sanchez, Lucas}
}
@article {Stocker2000,
	title = {The chromosomes of Rhynchosciara baschanti (Diptera: Sciaridae):
	Molecular cytogenetic comparisons with taxa in the americana-like
	group},
	journal = {Genome},
	volume = {43},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {786-795},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {Polytene chromosome analysis is presented for Rhynchosciara baschanti,
	a species belonging to the americana-like group of Rhynchosciara},
	keywords = {Brazil, Chromosomes, Diptera, DNA, Evolution, Karyotype, Molecular
	genetics, Polytene, Rhynchosciara, Rhynchosciara baschanti, Sao Paulo, Sciaridae},
	author = {Stocker, Ann Jacob and Gorab, Eduardo}
}
@article {Stocker1993,
	title = {A molecular cytogenetic comparison between Rhynchosciara americana
	and Rhynchosciara hollaenderi (Diptera: Sciaridae)},
	journal = {Genome},
	volume = {36},
	number = {5},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {831-843},
	type = {article},
	keywords = {Cytogenetics, Diptera, Evolution, Molecular genetics, Rhynchosciara, Rhynchosciara americana, Rhynchosciara hollaenderi, Sciaridae},
	author = {Stocker, Ann Jacob and Gorab, Eduardo and Amabis, J. M. and Lara, F. J. S.}
}
@article {Gaspar2002,
	title = {NOR sites detected by Ag-DAPI staining of an unusual autosome chromosome
	of Bradysia hygida (Diptera: Sciaridae) colocalize with C-banded
	heterochromatic region},
	journal = {Genetica (Dordrecht)},
	volume = {114},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {57-61},
	type = {article},
	abstract = {The study of chromosomes in insects is a good tool in mitotic process
	analysis, zoographic localization and evolution investigation},
	keywords = {Bradysia, Bradysia hygida, Chromosomes, Diptera, Evolution, Sciaridae},
	author = {Gaspar, Vanessa Pinatto and Borges, Alex Rodrigues and Fernandez, Maria Aparecida}
}
@article {23645,
	title = {A contribution to the phylogeny of the Mycetophilidae},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Columbus},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1948},
	pages = {pp. 189-199},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {]., biology, Bionomics, Evolution, General, Habits, Hepialus lupulinus [Zoology / / Miscellaneous, Hepialus lupulinus] [Zoology / /, Insecta [Phylogeny / / Diptera, Lepidoptera, Life-histories, Mycetophilidae [Zoology / / Phylogeny of My, Mycetophilidae].},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/1941_50/Shaw_1948_Phylogeny_Mycetophilidae.pdf},
	author = {Shaw, F. R.}
}
@article {23653,
	title = {A list of the Norwegian Lycoridae (Diptera Nematocera)},
	journal = {Norsk ent. Tidsskr., Oslo},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1942},
	pages = {pp. 74-80},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {biology, Diptera, Evolution, Insecta [Evolution / / North Europe And Siberia, Insecta., list]., Lycoridae, Mycetophilidae (Nematocera)., Mycetophilidae [Zoology / / Norwegian Lycoriidae]., Norway},
	author = {Soot-Ryen, T.}
}
@article {23660,
	title = {Rhymosia nemoralis Edwards (Diptera-Mycetophilidae), Belg. nov. sp., 1941, The Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine, vol. LXXVII, p. 78, fig. 8, j.k},
	journal = {Bull. Ann. Soc. R. Ent. Belg., Brussels},
	volume = {93},
	year = {1957},
	pages = {57-59},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {(Mycetophil.), Diptera, Evolution, new to Belgium]., Rhymosia nemoralis (Mycetophilidae)., Rhymosia nemoralis [Evolution / / Central And Eastern Europe},
	author = {Tollet, Roger}
}
@article {23664,
	title = {Generic taxonomy of the Exechiini (Dipt., Mycetophilidae)},
	journal = {Annales Entomologici Fennici},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1966},
	pages = {159-194},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Allodia, Allodia auriculatum, Allodia crassicornis, Allodia flavum, biology, Brachypeza, Brachypeza spuria, Brevicornu, Cordyla, Evolution, Exe, Exechia, Exechia clypeata, Exechiopsis [Zoology / / ] [ / / ]., helvetica, New taxa, Nomenclature, Systematics},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/1961_70/Tuomikoski_1966_Exechiini.pdf},
	author = {Tuomikoski, R.}
}
@inbook {23443,
	title = {Comparative biochemistry of animal systems},
	booktitle = {Bioluminescence in action.},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Book chapterLondon, New York \& San Francisco},
	pages = {75-108},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	keywords = {Arachnocampa, Biochemistry, Coelenterate related luciferin, Coleoptera, Colour and luminescence, Cypridina, Diptera, Evolution, Lampyridae, luciferase system, Luciferin, Luminescence, Mysidacea, Natantia, phylogeny},
	author = {Cormier, M. J.},
	editor = {Herring, P. J.}
}
