@article { ISI:000294663300022,
	title = {Roles of biogenic amines in regulating bioluminescence in the Australian glowworm Arachnocampa flava},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY},
	volume = {214},
	number = {{19}},
	year = {2011},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {3286-3293},
	publisher = {{COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD}},
	type = {Article},
	address = {{BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND}},
	abstract = {The glowworm Arachnocampa flava is a carnivorous fly larva (Diptera) that uses light to attract prey into its web. The light organ is derived from cells of the Malpighian tubules, representing a bioluminescence system that is unique to the genus. Bioluminescence is modulated through the night although light levels change quite slowly compared with the flashing of the better-known fireflies (Coleoptera). The existing model for the neural regulation of bioluminescence in Arachnocampa, based on use of anaesthetics and ligations, is that bioluminescence is actively repressed during the non-glowing phase and the repression is partially released during the bioluminescence phase. The effect of the anaesthetic, carbon dioxide, on the isolated light organ from the present study indicates that the repression is at least partially mediated at the light organ itself rather than less directly through the central nervous system. Blocking of neural signals from the central nervous system through ligation leads to uncontrolled release of bioluminescence but light is emitted at relatively low levels compared with under anaesthesia. Candidate biogenic amines were introduced by several methods: feeding prey items injected with test solution, injecting the whole larva, injecting a ligated section containing the light organ or bathing the isolated light organ in test solution. Using these methods, dopamine, serotonin and tyramine do not affect bioluminescence output. Exposure to elevated levels of octopamine via feeding, injection or bathing of the isolated light organ indicates that it is involved in the regulation of repression. Administration of the octopamine antagonists phentolamine or mianserin results in very high bioluminescence output levels, similar to the effect of anaesthetics, but only mianserin acts directly on the light organ.},
	keywords = {dopamine, light organ, neuroanatomy, octopamine, serotonin, tyramine},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.060509},
	author = {Rigby, Lisa M. and Merritt, David J.}
}
@article {48183,
	title = {Synchronized Circadian Bioluminescence in Cave-Dwelling Arachnocampa tasmaniensis (Glowworms) },
	journal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	pages = {34-43},
	abstract = {Larvae of the genus Arachnocampa, known as glowworms, are bioluminescent predatory insects that use light to attract prey. One species, Arachnocampa flava, is known to possess true circadian regulation of bioluminescence: light:dark cycles entrain the rhythm of nocturnal glowing. Given the absence of natural light as a cue in caves, we addressed the question of whether cave populations of Arachnocampa tasmaniensis, a species known to inhabit caves as well as epigean environments, are rhythmic. We found that the major dark-zone cave populations of A. tasmaniensis maintain a high-amplitude 24-hour rhythm of bioluminescence, with the acrophase during external daylight hours. Populations of A. tasmaniensis in caves many kilometers apart show similar, but not exactly the same, timing of the acrophase. Systematic investigation of colonies in the dark zone of a single cave showed that some smaller colonies distant to the main ceiling colony, also in the dark zone, glow in antiphase. Periodic monitoring of a single colony over several years showed that the acrophase shifted from nocturnal to diurnal some time between October 2008 and January 2009. Prey availability was investigated as a possible zeitgeber. The acrophase of prey availability, as measured by light trapping, and the acrophase of bioluminescence do not precisely match, occurring 3 hours apart. Using in-cave artificial light exposure, we show that after LD cycles, cave larvae become entrained to bioluminesce during the foregoing photophase. In contrast, epigean larvae exposed to artificial LD cycles after a period of DD become entrained to bioluminesce during the foregoing scotophase. One explanation is that individuals within colonies in the dark zone synchronize their bioluminescence rhythms through detection and matching of each other {\textquoteright}s bioluminescence. },
	keywords = {coupled oscillators, epigean, Hypogean, mutual synchronization, troglophile},
	doi = {10.1177/0748730410391947 },
	url = {http://jbr.sagepub.com/content/26/1/34},
	author = {Merritt, David J. and Arthur K. Clarke}
}
