02718nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260002900238300001400267490000700281520192000288100002302208700002602231700001702257700002602274700002802300700001802328700002202346700002902368700002402397856005502421       2013                        eng d  a1365-311300aThe phylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies of Diptera based on morphological evidence0 aphylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies o  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a164–1790 v383 aMembers of the megadiverse insect order Diptera (flies) have successfully colonized all continents and nearly all habitats. There are more than 154 000 described fly species, representing 10–12% of animal species. Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of such a large component of global biodiversity is challenging, but significant advances have been made in the last few decades. Since Hennig first discussed the monophyly of major groupings, Diptera has attracted much study, but most researchers have used non-numerical qualitative methods to assess morphological data. More recently, quantitative phylogenetic methods have been used on both morphological and molecular data. All previous quantitative morphological studies addressed narrower phylogenetic problems, often below the suborder or infraorder level. Here we present the first numerical analysis of phylogenetic relationships of the entire order using a comprehensive morphological character matrix. We scored 371 external and internal morphological characters from larvae, pupae and adults for 42 species, representing all infraorders selected from 42 families. Almost all characters were obtained from previous studies but required revision for this ordinal-level study, with homology assessed beyond their original formulation and across all infraorders. We found significant support for many major clades (including the Diptera, Culicomorpha, Bibionomorpha, Brachycera, Eremoneura, Cyclorrhapha, Schizophora, Calyptratae and Oestroidea) and we summarize the character evidence for these groups. We found low levels of support for relationships between the infraorders of lower Diptera, lower Brachycera and major lineages of lower Cyclorrhapha, and this is consistent with findings from molecular studies. These poorly supported areas of the tree may be due to periods of rapid radiation that left few synapomorphies in surviving lineages.1 aLambkin, Christine1 aSinclair, Bradley, J.1 aPape, Thomas1 aCourtney, Gregory, W.1 aSkevington, Jeffrey, H.1 aMeier, Rudolf1 aYeates, David, K.1 aBlagoderov, Vladimir, A.1 aWiegmann, Brian, M.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x01224nas a2200397   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089100002400137700002800161700002300189700002100212700001900233700002300252700002500275700002200300700002300322700002500345700002600370700002400396700001700420700002600437700002800463700002900491700001900520700003000539700002100569700002400590700002400614700002400638700002700662700002600689700002200715700001800737700002200755856004900777       2011                        eng d00aEpisodic radiations in the fly tree of life0 aEpisodic radiations in the fly tree of life1 aWiegmann, Brian, M.1 aTrautwein, Michelle, D.1 aWinkler, Isaac, S.1 aBarr, Norman, B.1 aKim, Jung-Wook1 aLambkin, Christine1 aBertone, Matthew, A.1 aCassel, Brian, K.1 aBayless, Keith, M.1 aHeimberg, Alysha, M.1 aWheeler, Benjamin, M.1 aPeterson, Kevin, J.1 aPape, Thomas1 aSinclair, Bradley, J.1 aSkevington, Jeffrey, H.1 aBlagoderov, Vladimir, A.1 aCaravas, Jason1 aKutty, Sujatha, Narayanan1 aSchmidt-Ott, Urs1 aKampmeier, Gail, E.1 aThompson, Christian1 aGrimaldi, David, A.1 aBeckenbach, Andrew, T.1 aCourtney, Gregory, W.1 aFriedrich, Markus1 aMeier, Rudolf1 aYeates, David, K.  uhttps://sciaroidea.myspecies.info/node/4541302221nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001200235490000700247520166400254100002501918700002601943700002401969856008201993       2008                        eng d00aPhylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes0 aPhylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true   a668-6870 v333 aRelationships among families of the lower Diptera (formerly suborder ‘Nematocera’) have been exceptionally difficult to resolve. Multiple hypotheses based on morphology have been proposed to identify the earliest lineages of flies and place the phylogenetic origin of the higher flies (Brachycera), but convincing support is limited. Here we resolve relationships among the major groups of lower Diptera using sequence data from four nuclear markers, including both ribosomal (28S rDNA) and protein-coding (CAD, TPI and PGD) genes. Our results support both novel and traditional arrangements.Most unexpectedly, the small, highly-specialized family Deuterophlebiidae appears to be sister to all remaining Diptera. Other results include the resolution of the traditional infra-orders Culicomorpha (including a novel superfamily Simulioidea ¼ Thaumaleidae þ Simuliidae), Tipulomorpha (Tipulidae sensu lato þ Trichoceridae) and Bibionomorpha sensu lato. We find support for a limited Psychodomorpha (Blephariceridae, Tanyderidae and Psychodidae)
and Ptychopteromorpha (Ptychopteridae), whereas the placement of several enigmatic families (Nymphomyiidae, Axymyiidae and Perissommatidae) remains ambiguous. According to genetic data, the infra-order Bibionomorpha is sister to the Brachycera. Much of the phylogenetic signal for major lineages was found in the 28S rDNA gene, whereas protein-coding genes performed variably at different levels. In
addition to elucidating relationships, we also estimate the age of major lower dipteran clades, based on molecular divergence time estimates using relaxed-clock Bayesian methods and fossil calibration points.1 aBertone, Matthew, A.1 aCourtney, Gregory, W.1 aWiegmann, Brian, M.  uhttp://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Bertone_et_al_Nematocera_2008.pdf