02164nas a2200133   4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001200202490000700214520167200221100001901893700001901912856009901931       2008                        eng d00aCircadian regulation of bioluminescence in the prey-luring glowworm, Arachnocampa flava0 aCircadian regulation of bioluminescence in the preyluring glowwo  a319-3290 v233 aThe glowworms of New Zealand and Australia are bioluminescent fly larvae that generate light to attract prey into their webs. Some species inhabit the constant darkness of caves as well as the dim, natural photophase of rainforests. Given the diversity of light regimens experienced by glowworms in their natural environment, true circadian rhythmicity of light output could be present. Consequently the light emission characteristics of the Australian subtropical species Arachnocampa flava, both in their natural rainforest habitat and in artificial conditions in the laboratory, were established. Larvae were taken from rainforest and kept alive in individual containers. When placed in constant darkness (DD) in the laboratory they maintained free-running, cyclical light output for at least 28 days, indicating that light output is regulated by an endogenous rhythm. The characteristics of the light emission changed in DD: individuals showed an increase in the time spent glowing per day and a reduction in the maximum light output. Most individuals show a free-running period greater than 24 h. Manipulation of the photophase and exposure to skeleton photoperiods showed that light acts as both a masking and an entraining agent and suggests that the underlying circadian rhythm is sinusoidal in the absence of light-based masking. Manipulation of thermoperiod in DD showed that temperature cycles are an alternative entraining agent. Exposure to a period of daily feeding in DD failed to entrain the rhythm in the laboratory. The endogenous regulation of luminescence poses questions about periodicity and synchronization of bioluminescence in cave glowworms.1 aMerritt, David1 aAotani, Sakiko  uhttp://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Merrit_&_Aotani_2008_circadian_Bioluminescence.pdf02375nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220490000700232520172400239100002201963700002201985700002302007700002502030700002202055700002302077856009302100       2008                        eng d00aDistribution and phylogenetic relationships of Australian glow-worms Arachnocampa (Diptera, Keroplatidae)0 aDistribution and phylogenetic relationships of Australian glowwo  a506-5140 v483 aGlow-worms are bioluminescent fly larvae (Order Diptera, genus Arachnocampa) found only in Australia and New Zealand. Their core habitat is rainforest gullies and wet caves. Eight species are present in Australia; five of them have been recently described. The geographic distribution of species in Australia encompasses the montane regions of the eastern Australian coastline from the Wet Tropics region of northern Queensland to the cool temperate and montane rainforests of southern Australia and Tasmania. Phylogenetic trees based upon partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase 11 and 16S mtDNA show that populations tend to be clustered into allopatric geographic groups showing overall concordance with the known species distributions. The deepest division is between the cool-adapted southern subgenus, Lucifera, and the more widespread subgenus, Campara. Lucifera comprises the sister groups, A. tasmaniensis, from Tasmania and the newly described species, A. buffaloensis, found in a high-altitude cave at Mt Buffalo in the Australian Alps in Victoria. The remaining Australian glow-worms in subgenus Campara are distributed in a swathe of geographic clusters that extend from the Wet Tropics in northern Queensland to the temperate forests of southern Victoria. Samples from caves and rainforests within any one geographic location tended to cluster together within a clade. We suggest that the morphological differences between hypogean (cave) and epigean (surface) glow-worm larvae are facultative adaptations to local microclimatic conditions rather than due to the presence of cryptic species in caves. Crown copyright [copyright] 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.1 aBaker, Claire, H.1 aGraham, Glenn, C.1 aScott, Kirsten, D.1 aCameron, Stephen, L.1 aYeates, David, K.1 aMerritt, David, J.  uhttp://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Baker&al_2008_MolPhylogEvol_Arachnocampa.pdf01516nas a2200169   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203300001000272490000900282520088400291100002901175700001201204700001501216700001601231700001901247856008001266       2008                        eng d00aChetoneura shennonggongensis, a new species of cave-dwelling Keroplatini from China (Diptera : Keroplatidae), with a discussion of the position of Chetoneura0 aChetoneura shennonggongensis a new species of cavedwelling Kerop  a59-680 v17163 aChetoneura shennonggongensis Amorim & Niu, sp. n., inhabiting caves in East China, is described based on the adult male and female, plus larva. Chetoneura Colless, previously associated with Orfelia and known from a single species from caves in Malaysia, is formally transferred to the Keroplatini. This is the first description of the larva and of the general biology of the genus. The larva of this new species is suspended in a roughly horizontal hammock of silken threads amidst mucous coated snare threads from the roof of caves, but is not bioluminescent as some species of other genera in Keroplatidae ( e. g., Arachnocampa, Keroplatus, and Orfelia). A key to separate both species of the genus is provided. The position of the genus within the Keroplatini is considered. Chetoneura is considered to be closely related to a clade containing Heteropterna and Ctenoceridion.1 aAmorim, Dalton, de Sousa1 aNiu, C.1 aLi, X., Z.1 aLei, C., L.1 aClarke, A., K.  uhttp://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Amorim&Niu_2008_Zootaxa1716.pdf