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Classification
Tarnania Tuomikoski, 1966
Tarnania
General description:The text is based on Kjærandsen (2006): Review of fungus gnats in the genus Tarnania Tuomikoksi, with a phylogeny of the Rymosia s.l. genus group (Diptera : Mycetophilidae)
Diagnostic description:Species of the genus Tarnania are large, stout exechiines, body length 6-9.5 mm (•). They can be recognized by the combination of the following characters: Proepisternum usually with one strong bristle, a second, smaller bristle present in Tarnania tarnanii. Anepisternum scattered with small setae. Lower parts of metepisternum and metepimeron covered with campaniform sensilla (C). Wings (B) with subcosta ending in R1, M-fork and Cu-fork without setae, CuP and A1 long and strong (Fig. 2B). Hind tibia (D) with several curved bristles posterodorsally, placed irregularly in more than one row. Abdomen (A) with pale abdominal markings situated towards the apices of the tergites.
Male terminalia (•) large (A); tergite IX (B) undivided, without pair of strong, elongated setae; cerci (B) one-segmented, elongated; gonocoxite (C •) deeply incised ventrally where a large, sclerotized, hypandrial lobe (C) is situated; hypandrial lobe apically with dorsally directed hook (•). Dorsal branch of gonostylus (D) apically striated with blunt lamellae; dorsointernal branch present as internally directed, fan-shaped, bluntly lamellate lobe; internal branch present as a large, bulbous, striated pouch; anterior branch present as elongated, bifurcated structure, where the ventrally directed lobe is covered with small spicules.
Female terminalia (•) with two-segmented cerci of which the apical segment is short to long ovate; sternite X and gonapophysis IX fused and extended into long, setose postgenital plate; gonocoxite VIII pointed, with three strong setae; gonapophysis VIII present as hyaline protrusion, extending well beyond apex of gonocoxite VIII.
Behaviour:The larva of Tarnania has not been described in detail, but based on reared adults • there are numerous records of their associations with fruit-bodies of mushrooms. Species of Tarnania must be regarded as polyphagous generalists, utilizing a wide range of species and genera of Gomphales, Polyporales, Boletales, Agaricales, and Russulales •. The adults can be found all year around. They frequently visit caves , mines and cellars for aestivation or hibernation (Matile 1970; Kjærandsen 1993 •).
Look alikes:Key to males and females of Tarnania:
1 Mesonotal stripes distinct; point of furcation of CuA opposite or beyond base of crossvein ta; vertex and frons uniformly dark; mid and hind coxa usually with indistinct dark marks medially; abdominal tergite III and IV often granulated with large dark spots in the pale apical area; male terminalia as large as or larger than abdominal segment VI …… 2
– Mesonotal stripes indistinct or absent; point of furcation of CuA before base of crossvein ta; vertex pale, frons contrasting darker in front of lateral ocelli; mid and hind coxa usually with distinct dark marks medially; abdominal tergite III and IV not granulated with large dark spots in the pale apical area, if slightly granulated, then with small dark spots; male terminalia smaller than abdominal segment VI …… 3
2 Overall coloration dark reddish brown, with sharply defined mesonotal stripes, narrowly surrounded by pale ground that usually gets darker towards the humeral area; laterotergite reddish brown. Male hypandrial lobe wide subquadrangular in ventral view, without constriction except at extreme tip. Male cercus long, slender. Female cercus II slender, 3.5 - 4.6 times as long as wide …… Tarnania dziedzickii
– Overall coloration yellowish brown, with less sharply defined mesonotal stripes on uniformly pale ground extending to humeral area; laterotergite pale yellow. Male hypandrial lobe in ventral view basally tapering into a large, constricted, apical hook. Male cercus less slender, distinctly broader basally. Female cercus II short ovate, 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide …… Tarnania fenestralis
3 Only one strong propleural bristle present; antenna longer, second flagellomere about 1.3 as long as wide. Basal third of male hypandrial lobe rectangular in ventral view, then abruptly constricted into a long, narrow cylindrical process with a large apical hook. Female cercus II slender, 3.5 - 4 times as long as wide …… Tarnania nemoralis
– One strong and one lesser propleural bristle present; antenna shorter, second flagellomere about as long as wide. Male hypandrial lobe in ventral view with basal half to two thirds wide rectangular, then abruptly constricted into a short pointed plate with a less distinct apical hook. Female cercus II short ovate, 2 - 3.5 times as long as wide …… Tarnania tarnanii
Morphology:Head. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres; scape with a patch of close set setae medially, scape and pedicel otherwise with scattered setae; flagellomeres long rectangular, densely covered with medium sized, decumbent setae; scape, pedicel and half of first flagellomere pale, rest of flagellum darker. Vertex with five strong orbital bristles, otherwise covered with medium sized, decumbent, black setae. Ocelli two, set close to compound eyes; remnants of median ocellus usually present. Frontal furrow reduced, not reaching frontal tubercle. Face wide rectangular, covered with small setae. Clypeus subtriangular to cordate, covered with small setae. Palp with four distinct palpomeres; sensory pit in third palpomere present as a longitudinally arranged, open furrow, with trichoid sensilla; fifth palpomere longer than third and fourth palpomere combined.
Thorax. Proepisternum usually with one strong bristle only (a second, smaller bristle present in Tarnania tarnanii). Scutum without acrostichals, with strong dorsocentrals, with strong prealar and postalar bristles, otherwise covered with small, black setae; with or without dark thoracic stripes on pale ground. Scutellum with one strong pair of bristles, otherwise covered with black setae of variable size. Anepisternum scattered with small, black setae. Anepimeron without setae. Laterotergite with small scattered black setae and some large bristles. Mediotergite without setae. Metepisternum (C) posteriorly with close-set group of small setae, lower half covered with campaniform sensilla. Metepimeron with lower half covered with campaniform sensilla.
Wings (B). Wing membrane unspotted, yellowish tinted, with microtrichia only; trichia arranged into regular rows apically. Trichiation dark. Basicosta with pair of strong bristles. Crossvein h with dorsal setae. Distal medial plate with both dorsal and ventral setae. Costa, R, R1, tb, ta, and R5 with both dorsal and ventral setae. Sc, Rs, M, CuA, CuP, A1, A2 without setae. Costa terminates at tip of R5. R4 absent. R5 distinctly curved posteriorly. Crossvein ta without small white spot. M-fork long, M-petiole 0.8 - 1.7 times as long as ta. CuA-fork long, starts well before Mfork, before or after base of ta. CuP long and basally strong, breaking or fading out about 1/7 before wing margin. A1 shorter, distinct and strong, breaking abruptly well beyond CuA-fork. A2 indistinct, short.
Legs. Trichiation dark. Fore coxa covered with small setae on anterior and lateral surface; anteriorly and apically with strong bristles. Mid coxa with narrow row of small setae anteriorly; basolaterally with some close-set, small setae; apical half with narrow row of small setae laterally; apically with larger setae and some bristles. Hind coxa with 1-3 strong setae basolaterally; with narrow row of small setae along posterolateral surface; apically with larger setae and some bristles. Femora uniformly covered with small setae. Tibiae with trichia in regular rows. Fore tibia with short anterior, anterodorsal and posteroventral bristles; anteroapically with triangular depressed area, covered with trichia. Mid tibia with row of small, close set anterior bristles; a few larger dorsal bristles; a few small posterodorsal bristles; some small posterior bristles; and a few small ventral and anteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with a few large anterior bristles; some large dorsal bristles; several smaller, curved bristles placed irregularly in more than one row posterodorsally (D); a few small posterior bristles; and a few small posteroventral and ventral bristles; posteroapically with transverse comb of setae. Foretarsus without row of spine-like setae ventrally. Empodia rudimentary.
Abdomen (A). Dark areas of tergites in males gradually darker towards terminalia. Pale abdominal markings present along apices of tergites; more or less extended anteriorly to form larger triangular or complete pale areas laterally, sometimes granulated with large dark spots.
Male terminalia (•). Tergite IX (•) large, undivided, with wide v-shaped incision apically; scattered with setae that get larger towards apicolateral corners, where 2-3 extra strong setae are situated. Cercus one-segmented (•), long ovate to slender, with or without dorsal widening basomedially; scattered with small, thin setae. Gonocoxite large, deeply incised ventrally in which a hypandrial lobe is situated; apically divided into a outer wall (section II) and a medioventral, inner wall (section III). Epiproct pointed triangular, hyaline, without setae. Hypoproct (B) extends anteriorly to about two-thirds the length of tergite IX; medioventrally with keel onto which aedeagus apparently slides back and forth. Aedeagus (•) short, triangular to quadrangular, sclerotized, with medial invagination apically, well retracted within gonocoxite, basally jointed with narrow gonocoxal apodeme. Aedeagal guides large, hyaline lobes; situated dorsolaterad of hypandrial lobe. Hypandrial lobe well developed, large and sclerotized; its angle in relation to gonocoxite variable, usually exposed and aligned with gonocoxite, sometimes retracted into gonocoxite and produced interodorsad; basally shaped as broad rectangular plate, apically usually constricted to a narrow lobe of variable length; basolaterally with patch of placoid sensilla; apically usually with distinct, dorsally directed hook. Gonostylus (•) divided into six branches. Dorsal branch short, wide, apically rounded; apicointernal margin with row of small, blunt lamellae; lateral surface covered with strong setae. Dorsointernal branch present as a fan-shaped outgrowth of the ventrointernal margin of the dorsal branch; with row of small, blunt lamellae along entire internal margin; without setae. Medial branch small, hook-shaped, with a few setae. Ventral branch large, shaped as a subrectangular, slightly concave shield; external surface scattered with setae; internal surface with variable setal coverage. Anterior branch bifurcated into two long, digitate lobes; anteriorly directed lobe with strong setae apically; ventrally directed lobe covered with small spicules; without setae. Internal branch present as a large, bulbous, largely striated pouch; posteriorly with a few setae and a small, digitate lobe with setae on apex.
Female terminalia (•) usually partly retracted within tergite VII. Tergite VIII well developed, unmodified, devoid of setae. Sternite VIII large; ventrally scattered with small setae; fused with the well-developed, apically pointed gonocoxite VIII, bearing 3-4 strong setae along apicodorsal margin. Gonapophysis VIII present as narrow, very hyaline protrusion, extending well beyond apex of gonocoxite VIII, dorsally slightly serrated, without setae. Labia not discernible or fused basally with gonapophysis VIII. Tergite IX well developed, partly fused with gonocoxite IX; with a few small setae apicolaterally. Spermathecal duct apically constricted towards the eminence. Tergite X reduced or fused with epiproct. Epiproct triangular, hyaline, apically excavated, without setae. Sternite X apparently fused basally with gonapophysis IX; forming a long, sclerotized, narrow spatulate postgenital plate; apicoventrally scattered with small setae. Cercus two-segmented, scattered with small setae; apical segment slender to short ovate.
Size:Adults are large, stout, fungus gnats with long legs and abdomen, body length 6-9.5 mm.
Phylogeny:Synapomorphies (based on phylogeny (•) presented by Kjærandsen 2006)
1) Lower parts of metepisternum and metepimeron covered with campaniform sensilla (no parallelism).
2) Hind tibia with several curved bristles posterodorsally, placed irregularly in more than one row (Tuomikoski 1966: 170, no parallelism).
3) Hypandrial lobe apically with dorsally directed hook (parallelism in Notolopha).
4) Aedeagal guides present as large lobes (parallelism in Notolopha and some Rymosia).
5) Male tergite IX undivided (parallelism in Allodiopsis, Notolopha and outgroup taxa).
6) Anterior branch of male gonostylus present as elongated, bifurcated lobe (no parallelism).
Risk statement:Tarnania fenestralis may be considered the main and most important parasite of extensive King Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél.) productions of the northwest of Segovia province in Spain (Tobar, V., Notario A., & Castresana L. 2010: Tarnania fenestralis (Meigen, 1818) (Díptera: Micetophilidae) associated with the fungus Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél.)
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